some key terms related to Sangam Age society in Hinglish, along with some memory tricks:
* Social Divisions:
* Anthanar (अंथनार): Think "Antenna" - Brahmins were like the "antennae" connecting society to the spiritual.
* Arasar (अरासर): Sounds like "Ruler" - that's who they were (kings and chieftains).
* Vanigar (वनिगर): Relate to "Vyapaar" (व्यापार - trade in Hindi). They were the traders.
* Vellalar (वेल्लालर): Think "Well, land, lar" - they were the people well-settled on the land, the agriculturists.
* Kadaisiyar (कडैसियार) & Adimai (अडिमै): "Kadai" can sound a bit like "cut off" - these were often the cut-off sections of society, the laborers and slaves. "Adimai" sounds like "aadmi minus" - people with less freedom.
* Parathavar (परथवर), Panar (पनार), Eyinar (ऐयनार), Kadambar (कदंबर), Maravar (मरवर), Pulaiyar (पुलैयर): These are tougher. Try associating them with their thinai (land type) if you remember it. For example, Parathavar were coastal (maybe "paar" the sea?).
* Thinai (थिनै) - Ecological Divisions:
* Kurinji (कुरिंजी): Think "curry in the hills" - hilly areas.
* Mullai (मुल्लै): Sounds a bit like "mool" (root) - associated with pastoral, more natural lands.
* Marudam (मरुदम): Relate to "maru" (another word for land in some contexts) - agricultural plains.
* Neydal (नेयदल): "Neer" (water in Hindi) + "dal" (shore) - coastal regions.
* Palai (पालै): Sounds like "pale" or "dry" - arid or desert tracts.
* Social Hierarchy & Leadership:
* Kizhar (किज़ार): "Key-zar" - they held a key position at the village level.
* Velir (वेलिर): Think "valley-er" - often controlled territories in hilly/forested valleys.
* Vendar (वेंदार्): Sounds like "vender" (someone who rules/provides) - the kings.
* Social Customs & Values:
* Karpu (कर्पु): Sounds a bit like "keep pure" - chastity for women.
* Love Marriage: No trick needed, it's straightforward!
* Subordination of Women: Remember it was a patriarchal society.
* Sati (सती): Just remember the term for widow immolation.
* Administration & Political Structure:
* Muvendar (मुवेंदर): "Moo" (three) + "vendar" (kings) - the three main dynasties.
* Mandalam (मंडलम): Like "mandal" (region) - provinces.
* Nadu (नाडु) / Kurram (कुर्रम): Smaller regions. "Nadu" is common for "country/region". "Kurram" sounds smaller.
* Ur (ऊर) / Perur (पेरूर) / Sirur (सिरूर): Think small, medium, large villages in that order (though not strictly size-based). "Ur" is basic for village. "Peru" sounds bigger. "Siri" sounds smaller than "peru".
* Pattinam (पत्तिनम) / Puhar (पुहार): "Pattinam" sounds like "pattan" (town). "Puhar" might sound like "port-harbor".
* Avai (अवै): Sounds like "awaaz" (voice) - the royal court where people were heard.
* Amaichar (अमाईचर): Sounds like "advisor".
* Anthanar (अंथनार) (in polity): Remember they were also advisors.
* Thuthar (थुथर): Sounds like "doot" (दूत - messenger/envoy).
* Senapathi (सेनापति): Straightforward - army chief.
* Orrar (ओर्रार): Sounds like "aur raaz?" (and secrets?) - spies.
* Manram (मनरम) / Sabha (सभा): "Sabha" is a common word for assembly. "Manram" might sound like "mannan ka manch" (king's stage) for discussions.
* Enperayam (एंपेरयम) & Aimperunkulu (ऐम्पेरुंकुलु): These are tough. "En" (eight) and "Ai" (five) tell you the number of members. "Perayam" and "perunkulu" sound like important councils.
* Economy & Trade:
* Agriculture (Paddy): "Paddy" is pretty common.
* Trade (Internal & International): Straightforward.
* Puhar (पुहार), Korkai (कोरकाई), Musiri (मुसिरी), Tondi (तोंडी): Just try to remember these as important port names. Maybe associate them with sounds or images.
* Makamattor (मकमट्टोर): "Maka" (big) + "matter" (business) - members of big business guilds.
Remember, these tricks are just to get you started. The more you read about the Sangam Age, the more th
ese terms will become familiar! Good luck!key terms related to Sangam Age society in list form in English:
* Social Divisions:
* Anthanar (Brahmins)
* Arasar (Ruling Class)
* Vanigar (Traders)
* Vellalar (Agriculturists)
* Kadaisiyar and Adimai (Landless Laborers/Slaves)
* Parathavar, Panar, Eyinar, Kadambar, Maravar, Pulaiyar (Tribal/Occupational Groups)
* Thinai (Ecological Divisions):
* Kurinji (Hilly)
* Mullai (Pastoral)
* Marudam (Agricultural)
* Neydal (Coastal)
* Palai (Arid)
* Social Hierarchy & Leadership:
* Kizhar (Village Heads)
* Velir (Chieftains)
* Vendar (Kings)
* Social Customs & Values:
* Karpu (Chastity)
* Love Marriage (Common)
* Subordination of Women
* Sati (Widow Immolation - Upper Classes)
* Administration & Political Structure:
* Muvendar (Chera, Chola, Pandya)
* Mandalam (Provinces)
* Nadu/Kurram (Subdivisions)
* Ur/Perur/Sirur (Villages)
* Pattinam/Puhar (Coastal Towns/Harbor)
* Avai (Royal Court)
* Amaichar (Ministers)
* Anthanar (Advisors)
* Thuthar (Envoys)
* Senapathi (Commanders)
* Orrar (Spies)
* Manram/Sabha (Village Assemblies)
* Enperayam & Aimperunkulu (Royal Councils)
* Economy & Trade:
* Agriculture (Paddy)
* Trade (Internal & International)
* Puhar, Korkai, Musiri, Tond
i (Ports)
* Makamattor (Trade Guilds)संगम युग के समाज से संबंधित कुछ प्रमुख शब्द यहाँ सूची प्रारूप में दिए गए हैं:
* सामाजिक विभाजन:
* अंथनार (ब्राह्मण)
* अरसर (शासक वर्ग)
* वनिगर (व्यापारी)
* वेल्लालर (कृषि करने वाले)
* कडैसियार और अडिमै (भूमिहीन श्रमिक/दास)
* परथवर, पनार, ऐयनार, कदंबर, मारवर, पुलैयार (जनजातीय/व्यावसायिक समूह)
* थिनै (पारिस्थितिक विभाजन):
* कुरिंजी (पहाड़ी)
* मुल्लै (चरवाहा भूमि)
* मरुदम (कृषि भूमि)
* नेयदल (तटीय)
* पालै (शुष्क)
* सामाजिक पदानुक्रम और नेतृत्व:
* किज़ार (ग्राम प्रमुख)
* वेलिर (सरदार)
* वेंदार् (राजा)
* सामाजिक रीति-रिवाज और मूल्य:
* कर्पु (पतिव्रता)
* प्रेम विवाह (सामान्य)
* महिलाओं की अधीनता
* सती (विधवा आत्मदाह - उच्च वर्ग)
* प्रशासन और राजनीतिक संरचना:
* मुवेंदर (चेर, चोल, पांड्य)
* मंडलम (प्रांत)
* नाडु/कुर्रम (उपखंड)
* ऊर/पेरूर/सिरूर (ग्राम)
* पत्तिनम/पुहार (तटीय नगर/बंदरगाह)
* अवई (राज दरबार)
* अमाईचर (मंत्री)
* अंथनार (सलाहकार)
* थुथर (दूत)
* सेनापति (सेनापति)
* ओर्रार (जासूस)
* मनरम/सभा (ग्राम सभाएँ)
* एम्पेरयम और ऐम्पेरुंकुलु (शाही परिषदें)
* अर्थव्यवस्था और व्यापार:
* कृषि (धान)
* व्यापार (आंतरिक और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय)
* पुहार, कोरकाई, मुसिरी, तोंडी (बंदरगाह)
* मकमट्टोर (व्यापार संघ)