Complete Climate Action Notes

Comprehensive Climate Action Notes

Topic: COP30 & History

I. Historical Context (Timeline)

Climate action ki journey 10-year intervals mein chali:

• 1972 (Stockholm Conference): Pehli baar pollution ki chinta huyi.
• 1992 (Rio Earth Summit, Brazil): Sabse bada Turning Point.
  • Isne 3 cheezein establish ki:
    1. Climate Change, 2. Biodiversity, 3. Desertification.
  • Introduced Agenda 21.
  • UNFCCC bana -> Isne decide kiya ki har saal milenge (COPs).
• 1995: First COP started.

Kyoto (1997 - COP3) vs. Paris (2015 - COP21)

• Kyoto Protocol: Top-down targets the. Countries pe force kiya gaya, isliye fail hua.
• Paris Agreement: Bottom-up approach. NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) laye gaye. Voluntary targets for 2030.

II. COP30: The "Amazon COP"

Location: Belém, Brazil (Near Amazon River, Macaapa, Marajó Island).

Significance: Amazon CO2 absorb karta hai aur indigenous tribes ka ghar hai.

Goal: From Promises → Implementation.

Core Theme: "Global Mutirão"

Ye ek Brazilian term hai jiska matlab hai "Community Coming Together" for collective work. (Sahyog se kaam karna).

III. Key Action Mechanisms

1. Just Transition (Belém Action Mechanism)

• Coal/Oil se Green energy pe shift hona Socially Fair hona chahiye.
• Focus: Reskilling workers (taaki wo naye green jobs kar sakein).

2. Global Trackers

• Accelerator: NDCs ko actual projects mein convert karna (Speed badhana).
• Tracker: Check karna ki hum 1.5°C Limit ke andar hain ya nahi.

3. Baku Adaptation Roadmap

• Isme 59 Indicators set kiye gaye hain to measure resilience (e.g., against floods/droughts).

IV. Finance: The Biggest Issue

• Article 9 (Legal Duty): Developed nations ki legal obligation hai pay karna for Mitigation + Adaptation.
• Target: $1.3 Trillion / year by 2035.
• Adaptation Finance: Funds ko Triple karna hai (Early warning systems, agri-resilience ke liye).

Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF)

• Total Fund: $125 Billion.
• System: Performance-based payment.
• Agar aap forest bachaoge, toh paise milenge.
• Verification: Satellite Monitoring se hogi.

V. Energy & Pollution Targets

• Belém 4X Pledge: Sustainable fuels ko 4 times badhana by 2035.
  • Includes: Green Hydrogen, Biofuels, Biogas, E-fuels.
• E-fuels kya hai? Capturing CO2 from air + Green Hydrogen = E-fuel.
• Super Pollutants: Focus on cutting Methane & Black Carbon.
• Blue NDC: Ocean protection (Mangroves, Sea Grass, Algae).
• Sustainable Fertilizers: Nutrition-based (Kam greenhouse gas release karne wale).

VI. Social, Health & Rights

• Health Action Plan: Cities ke liye Heat Action Plans banana. Protecting poor from heatwaves.
• Gender Action Plan: Climate disasters ladkiyon ki education rok dete hain. Women participation badhana zaroori hai.
• Indigenous Rights: Tribals ke Land rights aur Traditional knowledge ko protect karna.

VII. India’s Position (Imp for Exam)

• Opposed CBAM: India ne Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (European Tax) ka strong virodh kiya. Ye "Unfair Trade Barrier" hai.
• Finance != Charity: Climate finance developed nations ki Legal Obligation hai, koi daan nahi.
• Historical Responsibility: US/Europe ne past mein pollution kiya, toh ab funding wahi lead karein.
• Criticism: Abhi bhi clear nahi hai ki KAUN specific country KITNA paisa dega. Fossil fuel phase-out pe koi binding rule nahi hai.

🏠 Analogy: The Apartment Building

Imagine world ek apartment hai:

• 30 Years: Hum meeting kar rahe hain kyunki building kharab ho rahi hai.
• Paris Agreement: Sabne contract sign kiya ki "Hum apna room fix karenge" (NDCs).
• COP30 Belém: Ye "Toolbox Meeting" hai. Sirf baat nahi, ab hathoda/drill (Accelerators) chahiye.
• Finance: Rich tenants (Developed nations) jinhone building damage ki, unhe repair ka bill bharna padega (Art 9).