Ch-5: Geomorphic Processes

Earth ki surface hamesha badalti rehti hai aur uneven (asaman) hai kyunki do tarah ki forces kaam karti hain: **Endogenic** aur **Exogenic**.

1. Geomorphic Processes vs Agents

• Processes: Wo physical stresses aur chemical actions jo earth materials par lagte hain aur surface ko badalte hain.
• Agents: Nature ke wo elements (water, ice, wind) jo materials ko transport aur deposit karte hain.

2. Endogenic Processes (Andruni Takat)

Inki energy earth ke andar se aati hai (Radioactivity, Primordial heat).

• Diastrophism: Isme Orogenic (mountain building) aur Epeirogenic (continental building) processes aate hain.
• Volcanism: Molten magma ka surface ki taraf aana.

3. Exogenic Processes (Bahari Takat)

Inki energy Sunlight aur gradients se aati hai. Inhe ek saath Denudation kehte hain.

A. Weathering:

Rocks ka mechanical disintegration aur chemical decomposition. Ye ek in-situ (apni hi jagah par) process hai.

• Chemical: Solution, Carbonation, Hydration, Oxidation.
• Physical: Gravity, Temperature change, aur Pressure release.
• Biological: Earthworms, termites aur plants ki wajah se hone wala badlav.
• Special Effect: Exfoliation (rocks ki layers ka chhilke ki tarah nikalna).

B. Mass Movements:

Gravity ki wajah se rock debris ka niche ki taraf girna. Isme Slow movements (creep) aur Rapid movements (Landslides, Slump) shamil hain.

C. Erosion aur Deposition:

Erosion debris ko transport karta hai, jabki deposition tab hota hai jab agents ki velocity kam ho jati hai.

4. Soil Formation (Pedogenesis)

Soil weathering aur biological decay ka result hai.

5 Main Factors:

1. Parent Material: Passive factor, rock ki texture aur mineral composition.
2. Topography: Passive factor, slopes par mitti patli hoti hai.
3. Climate: Active factor, moisture aur temperature.
4. Biological Activity: Active factor, humus aur nitrogen fixation.
5. Time: Passive factor, mitti ke mature hone ka waqt.

--- EXERCISES (COMPLETED) ---

1. MCQs:

• (i) Gradational process? → (d) Erosion
• (ii) Affected by hydration? → (d) Salts
• (iii) Debris avalanche category? → (c) Rapid flow mass movements

2. Short Answers (30 Words):

• (i) Weathering se forests (vegetation) bante hain jo biodiversity ka base hain.
• (iii) Mobile agents: Running water, wind, glaciers. Inka prime job erosion, transportation aur deposition hai.
• (iv) Haan, weathering soil ka basic input hai, par pedogenesis ke liye biological activity bhi chahiye.

3. Long Answer Point: Earth par Endogenic (building) aur Exogenic (wearing) forces ke beech hamesha ek mukabla chalta rehta hai jo surface ko shape deta hai.

Project Work:

Apne aas-paas ki mitti, mausam aur weathering processes ko observe karke record karein.

[Forces]

🌋

Endogenic (Inside)
Builds Landforms

[Denudation]

☀️ 💨 🌊

Weathering + Erosion
+ Mass Wasting

[Soil Factors]

1. Parent Rock 🪨
2. Climate 🌦️
3. Biology 🦠
4. Relief ⛰️
5. Time ⏳

🌱 ✨

"Pedology: Science of Soil"