7. Explain the major challenges of Multilingual education in India.
16
भारत में बहुभाषीय शिक्षा की मुख्य चुनौतियों की व्याख्या कीजिए।
8. Describe the differences between Fundamental rights and Directive Principles of the state.
16
मौलिक अधिकार तथा राज्य के नीति-निर्देशक तत्त्वों के मध्य अंतर को स्पष्ट करिये।
9. What are the present problems of secondary Education?
माध्यमिक शिक्षा की वर्तमान समस्यायें क्या हैं ?
Here are the complete, well-structured, and B.Ed.-style long answers for Questions 7, 8, and 9 from Contemporary India and Education – suitable for 16 marks each:
✅ Q7. Explain the major challenges of Multilingual Education in India.
(भारत में बहुभाषीय शिक्षा की मुख्य चुनौतियों की व्याख्या कीजिए।)
(16 Marks)
✳️ Introduction:
Multilingual Education (MLE) is an approach where multiple languages are used as mediums of instruction in schools.
India, with its 22 scheduled languages and hundreds of regional languages and dialects, presents a rich but complex linguistic landscape.
While multilingual education promotes inclusion, identity, and learning, it faces many challenges in India.
🛑 Major Challenges of Multilingual Education in India:
1. 📚 Lack of Learning Materials in Local Languages:
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Textbooks and resources are not available in many tribal and regional languages.
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Students often struggle to learn in a language they do not speak at home.
2. 👩🏫 Shortage of Trained Multilingual Teachers:
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Most teachers are trained to teach only in dominant regional or national languages.
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Lack of teacher training in local or tribal languages.
3. 📖 Dominance of English and Hindi:
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English and Hindi dominate higher education, jobs, and social prestige.
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This creates resistance among parents and schools to teach in mother tongues.
4. 🧠 Early Language Shift:
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Due to societal pressure, many children shift from their mother tongue to dominant languages, losing fluency and confidence.
5. 📊 Policy Gaps and Implementation Challenges:
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While NEP 2020 supports mother tongue-based education, actual implementation is uneven across states.
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Lack of political will and coordination among language boards.
6. 🏫 Standardization Issues:
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Many local dialects are not standardized or codified, making it hard to prepare formal learning materials.
7. 👪 Parental Perception and Aspiration:
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Parents often prefer English-medium education, believing it leads to better careers.
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This creates low demand for mother tongue education in urban and aspirational families.
8. 💰 Funding Constraints:
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Development of multilingual programs, materials, and teacher training requires significant investment, which many states lack.
📝 Conclusion:
Multilingual education in India is an essential tool for inclusive and effective learning, especially for children from tribal, rural, and linguistic minority backgrounds.
However, it needs robust policy support, teacher training, resource development, and community participation.
“A child learns best in the language they speak and think in. Respecting this is the first step towards real education.”
✅ Q8. Describe the differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
(मौलिक अधिकार तथा राज्य के नीति-निर्देशक तत्त्वों के मध्य अंतर को स्पष्ट कीजिए।)
(16 Marks)
✳️ Introduction:
The Fundamental Rights (Part III) and the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) are two important pillars of the Indian Constitution.
They represent the vision of liberty and justice in the country.
🟢 Meaning:
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Fundamental Rights: Legal rights guaranteed to every citizen; enforceable by courts.
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Directive Principles: Moral guidelines for the government to ensure social and economic justice.
📊 Differences Between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles:
| Point of Difference | Fundamental Rights | Directive Principles |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Borrowed from the U.S. Constitution | Inspired by the Irish Constitution |
| Part of Constitution | Part III (Articles 12–35) | Part IV (Articles 36–51) |
| Nature | Justiciable (enforceable in court) | Non-justiciable (not enforceable) |
| Purpose | Protect individual freedom and rights | Establish social and economic justice |
| Legal Obligation | Binding on state and citizens | Not binding but must be followed |
| Focus | Civil and political rights (freedom, equality, etc.) | Economic, social, and cultural rights |
| Examples | Right to Education, Right to Equality | Equal pay for equal work, Free legal aid |
🧠 Relationship Between the Two:
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Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles complement each other.
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Fundamental Rights protect individual liberty, while Directive Principles aim at welfare and equality.
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Courts have also interpreted them in a harmonious way, especially after Article 21-A (Right to Education) was made a fundamental right, earlier only a directive principle.
📝 Conclusion:
Both Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are essential for a balanced democracy.
While Fundamental Rights are the foundation of personal freedom, Directive Principles are the path toward building a welfare state.
“Rights without duties are meaningless, and justice without equality is incomplete.”
✅ Q9. What are the present problems of Secondary Education in India?
(माध्यमिक शिक्षा की वर्तमान समस्याएँ क्या हैं?)
(16 Marks)
✳️ Introduction:
Secondary education (classes 9–12) is a crucial stage in a child’s academic journey, preparing them for higher education and employment.
Despite major reforms like RMSA and Samagra Shiksha, several serious problems persist in India’s secondary education system.
🛑 Present Problems of Secondary Education in India:
1. 🏫 Inadequate Infrastructure:
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Many schools lack classrooms, science labs, libraries, toilets, and digital facilities.
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Especially severe in rural and tribal areas.
2. 🧑🏫 Shortage of Qualified Teachers:
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Lack of subject-specific trained teachers in math, science, English, etc.
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Poor teacher–student ratio affects learning outcomes.
3. 📘 Curriculum Mismatch:
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Curriculum is often theoretical and exam-focused, not linked to life skills or employability.
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Lack of practical and experiential learning.
4. 💻 Limited Use of Technology:
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Slow adoption of smart classes, digital content, and ICT tools in government schools.
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The digital divide widened during the COVID-19 pandemic.
5. 📈 High Dropout Rates:
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Many students, especially girls, SC/STs, and rural children, leave school after Class 8 due to economic, social, or cultural reasons.
6. 💰 Cost of Education:
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Private tuition, uniforms, books, and transport make education costly for poor families.
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Inadequate scholarship coverage.
7. 📉 Low Learning Outcomes:
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According to ASER reports, students in secondary schools often lack basic reading and math skills.
8. 🎯 Lack of Vocational and Skill Education:
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Most schools still focus only on academic streams.
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Vocational training is not effectively integrated into curriculum.
9. 📊 Rigid Examination System:
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Exams promote rote learning and create undue stress.
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No focus on creativity, collaboration, or critical thinking.
📝 Conclusion:
Secondary education in India faces structural, pedagogical, and equity-based challenges.
To improve it, we need stronger implementation of NEP 2020, better teacher training, modern curriculum, and inclusive practices.
“The future of India lies in its classrooms. Reforming secondary education is the key to unlocking national progress.”
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