UNIT-III/इकाई-III
6. Point out the main recommendations of the Indian Education Commission, 1964-66. भारतीय शिक्षा आयोग, 1964-66 की प्रमुख सिफारिशों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
7. Mention the changes introduced in revised NPE (1992). संशोधित राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति (1992) द्वारा किए गए महत्त्वपूर्ण बदलावों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
Here are the complete, well-explained, and B.Ed. exam-style long answers for Unit-III Questions 6 and 7 from Contemporary India and Education (B.Ed. 1st Year) – suitable for 16 marks.
✅ Q6. Point out the main recommendations of the Indian Education Commission, 1964–66.
(भारतीय शिक्षा आयोग, 1964-66 की प्रमुख सिफारिशों का उल्लेख कीजिए।)
(16 Marks – UNIT-III)
✳️ Introduction:
The Indian Education Commission (1964–66) is popularly known as the Kothari Commission, named after its chairman Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then-chairman of the UGC.
It was the first comprehensive education commission in independent India and aimed at creating a national system of education.
Its report was called:
"Education and National Development"
📌 Objectives of the Commission:
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To examine the entire education system from primary to university level.
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To recommend measures for modernization, social justice, and national integration.
🟢 Main Recommendations of the Kothari Commission:
1. 📚 Common School System (CSS):
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Introduced the idea of neighborhood schools with no discrimination based on caste, creed, or class.
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Aimed to ensure equal educational opportunities.
2. 🏫 10+2+3 Structure of Education:
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Proposed a uniform educational structure:
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10 years of general education
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2 years of higher secondary (junior college)
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3 years of college/university education
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3. 🧑🏫 Teacher Education and Status:
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Suggested improvement in teacher training, salaries, and professional development.
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Recommended rigorous teacher preparation programs.
4. 🕊️ Education for National Integration and Socialism:
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Promote values of unity in diversity, secularism, and democracy.
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Education should help in building a strong and united India.
5. 🔬 Emphasis on Science and Vocational Education:
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Strengthen science and mathematics education.
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Vocational subjects to be introduced at secondary and higher secondary levels.
6. 🌾 Work-Experience and Socially Useful Productive Work (SUPW):
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Introduced SUPW to make education more practical and meaningful.
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Aim: Develop self-reliance and dignity of labor.
7. 💻 Use of Technology in Education:
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Suggested using radio, TV, and educational technology to improve access and quality.
8. 🏢 Establishment of NCERT and NIEPA:
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Recommended the creation of national bodies like NCERT for curriculum development and NIEPA for educational planning and administration.
9. 💰 Allocation of Resources:
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Suggested that 6% of GDP be spent on education (this target is still under discussion).
📝 Conclusion:
The Kothari Commission played a historic role in shaping India’s modern education system.
Its recommendations were a blend of modernity and Indian values, and many of its ideas still form the foundation of policies like the NEP 2020.
It was rightly called the “encyclopaedia of Indian education.”
✅ Q7. Mention the changes introduced in revised NPE (1992).
(संशोधित राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति (1992) द्वारा किए गए महत्त्वपूर्ण बदलावों का उल्लेख कीजिए।)
(16 Marks – UNIT-III)
✳️ Introduction:
The National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986 was revised in 1992 due to changing socio-economic conditions, the need for educational reforms, and feedback from states and experts.
The revised NPE (1992) aimed to remove disparities and modernize education while ensuring inclusive development.
🔄 Key Changes in Revised NPE–1992:
1. 🎯 Focus on Access, Retention, and Quality:
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Priority to universal enrolment, retention, and quality improvement, especially at primary level.
2. 📖 Special Emphasis on Girls’ Education:
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Programs like Mahila Samakhya were promoted for empowering rural women.
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Efforts to reduce gender gap in education.
3. 🏫 Operation Blackboard:
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Aimed to improve the minimum infrastructure and facilities in primary schools (e.g., blackboards, classrooms, toilets, teaching aids).
4. 📘 District Primary Education Programme (DPEP):
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Launched in 1994 as a major program to universalize primary education in underdeveloped districts.
5. 🧠 Curriculum Reform:
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Introduction of value education, environmental awareness, population education, and science & technology.
6. 🧑🏫 Teacher Empowerment:
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Focus on continuous professional development (CPD) of teachers.
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Establishment of DIETs (District Institutes of Education & Training) for primary teacher training.
7. 🕊️ Education for National Integration and Value Education:
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Revised policy emphasized promoting national unity, secularism, and cultural heritage through education.
8. 🧑🤝🧑 Education of Marginalized Groups:
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Special attention to SC/STs, minorities, differently-abled, and other disadvantaged groups.
9. 💻 Use of Technology in Education:
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Emphasis on EDUSAT, computers in classrooms, and distance education for wider access.
10. 🏫 Decentralization and Community Involvement:
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Encouraged local bodies and communities to participate in school management through Village Education Committees (VECs).
📝 Conclusion:
The revised NPE–1992 gave practical shape to many progressive ideas of NPE–1986 and laid the groundwork for later initiatives like SSA (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) and RTE Act, 2009.
It was a bridge between the foundational goals of education and their field-level implementation.
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