Certainly! Here's the answer to Question 1 (a), (b), and (c) in English only, in proper B.Ed-style detailed format:
1(a) What qualities does idealism give importance to?
Answer:
Idealism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the primacy of ideas, mind, and spirit over material reality. In the context of education, idealism gives importance to the following qualities:
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Truth – Idealism considers truth as eternal and unchanging. The pursuit of truth is the highest aim of education.
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Morality – Moral and ethical values such as honesty, justice, kindness, and respect are given great importance.
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Spiritual Development – Idealists focus on the spiritual development of an individual rather than just physical or material growth.
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Intellectual Excellence – Development of reasoning, thinking, and understanding is considered crucial.
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Self-realization – Realization of the inner self and the development of one’s potential is a key objective.
1(b) What principles do idealists support?
Answer:
Idealists support the following key principles:
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Ideas are the True Reality – Idealism believes that the physical world is temporary and the world of ideas is permanent and real.
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Education as a Means for Self-Realization – The ultimate goal of education is to help an individual realize their true inner self.
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Teacher as a Moral Guide – The teacher is seen as a role model and moral guide who helps shape the character of students.
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Importance of Values and Morality – Idealists emphasize the development of moral, ethical, and spiritual values.
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Curriculum Based on Eternal Truths – Subjects like philosophy, literature, and moral science are preferred as they help in value development.
1(c) Who is the author of the famous book Emile, or On Education?
Answer:
The author of the famous book Emile, or On Education is Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a renowned French philosopher and educationist of the 18th century. The book outlines his views on natural education and the development of a child in harmony with nature.
Here are the **answers in English** for Question 1 parts **(d) to (l)** from the **B.Ed 1st Year 2023 exam – "Contemporary India and Education"**, following proper B.Ed exam short answer format (2 marks each):
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### **1(d) Which teaching methods have been born due to naturalism?**
**Answer:**
Naturalism gave rise to the following teaching methods:
1. **Learning by Doing** – Students learn through real-life experiences.
2. **Play-way Method** – Learning through play and activity.
3. **Activity-Based Learning** – Emphasis on hands-on and student-centered learning.
4. **Observation and Exploration** – Encouraging students to explore nature and surroundings.
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### **1(e) How does pragmatism accept education?**
**Answer:**
Pragmatism views education as a **process of continuous reconstruction of experiences**. It focuses on practical knowledge, problem-solving, and the development of adaptable individuals through interaction with the environment.
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### **1(f) What course do pragmatists believe in?**
**Answer:**
Pragmatists believe in a **flexible and dynamic curriculum** based on the **interests, needs, and experiences** of the child. The curriculum should be practical, activity-based, and life-oriented.
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### **1(g) What is school according to pragmatists?**
**Answer:**
According to pragmatists, school is a **miniature society** where students learn by doing. It is a place for **social interaction**, experience, and democratic living, not just knowledge transfer.
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### **1(h) When did Mahatma Gandhi establish Tolstoy Farm?**
**Answer:**
Mahatma Gandhi established **Tolstoy Farm in 1910** in South Africa as a community for his followers to live and practice Satyagraha principles.
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### **1(i) When did Mahatma Gandhi start the Non-Cooperation Movement?**
**Answer:**
Mahatma Gandhi started the **Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920** as a peaceful protest against British rule after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
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### **1(j) State the basic elements of the Indian Constitution.**
**Answer:**
The basic elements of the Indian Constitution are:
1. **Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic**
2. **Fundamental Rights and Duties**
3. **Directive Principles of State Policy**
4. **Federal Structure with Unitary Bias**
5. **Independent Judiciary**
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### **1(k) What are the basic principles of the Indian Constitution?**
**Answer:**
Basic principles of the Indian Constitution include:
1. **Equality before Law**
2. **Liberty of Thought and Expression**
3. **Justice – Social, Economic, Political**
4. **Fraternity and Unity of Nation**
5. **Secularism and Democratic Governance**
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### **1(l) Write the name of main creations of Montessori.**
**Answer:**
Main creations of Maria Montessori include:
1. **The Montessori Method** (1909)
2. **The Discovery of the Child**
3. **The Secret of Childhood**
4. **Education for a New World**
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Let me know if you'd like these compiled
into a **PDF**, or want to start the **4 long answers (16 marks each)** from Units I–IV.Let me know if you'd like the rest of the answers from Question 1 (d to l) in the same style.